Ingestion of fecal matter, even in microscopic amounts, from:

• Close person-to-person contact with a hepatitis A-infected person
• Sexual contact with a hepatitis A-infected person
• Contaminated food or drinks
• Contaminated drug paraphernalia (works)

• Travel to countries where hepatitis A is common
• Sexual contact with a hepatitis A-infected person
• Use of illegal drugs (injection or non-injection)
• Living with a clotting factor disorder

• Hepatitis A vaccination
• Immune globulin
• Proper hand washing with soap after the use of toilets and changing diapers, and before preparing and eating food

• Provide supportive treatment (e.g., bed rest)
• No hepatitis A-specific medications are available

Contact with infectious blood, semen and other bodily fluids, primarily through:

• Birth from a hepatitis B-infected mother
• Sexual contact with a hepatitis B-infected person
• Sharing needles, syringes or drug paraphernalia (works)
• Needle sticks or sharp instrument injuries

Less commonly through:

• Tattooing/body piercing

• Birth from a hepatitis B-infected mother
• Sexual contact with a hepatitis B-infected person
• Multiple sexual partners
• Living with a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
• Injection drug use
• Living with a hepatitis B-infected person
• Occupational exposure to blood
• Long-term hemodialysis
• Living or working in a setting that houses developmentally disabled individuals

• Hepatitis B vaccination
• Immune globulin
• Hepatitis B screening during each pregnancy
• For infants born to hepatitis B-infected mothers, immune globulin dosage and vaccine within 12 hours of birth
• Use of condoms for sex
• Not sharing personal care items (e.g., razors, toothbrushes)
• Not sharing needles, syringes or drug paraphernalia (works)
• Ensure use of sterile equipment for any tattoo or body piercing
• Proper infection control in health care settings and public safety work

• For acute hepatitis B, provide supportive treatment
• For chronic hepatitis B, provide regular monitoring for signs of liver disease progression and consider antiviral medication

Contact with infectious blood, primarily through:

• Sharing needles, syringes or drug paraphernalia (works)

Less commonly through:

• Sexual contact with a hepatitis C-infected person
• Birth from a hepatitis C-infected mother
• Needle sticks or sharp instrument injuries
• Tattooing/body piercing

• Current or past injection drug use
• Receipt of blood or organs prior to July 1992
• Receipt of clotting factor concentrates before 1987
• Long-term hemodialysis
• Occupational exposure to blood
• Birth from a hepatitis C-infected mother

• Not sharing needles, syringes or drug paraphernalia (works)
• Use of condoms for sex
• Not sharing personal care items (e.g., razors, toothbrushes)
• ensure use of sterile equipment for any tattoo or body piercing
• Proper infection control in health care settings and public safety work

• For acute hepatitis C, provide supportive treatment and consider antiviral medication
• For chronic hepatitis C, provide regular monitoring for signs of liver disease progression and consider antiviral medication